Tuesday, February 28, 2012

Exam Question #7

 
Today is the day of the midterm test in my course on molecular evolution. Here's one of the possible question on the test. Almost every student should get full marks on this one.
Imagine that a new mutation gives rise to a beneficial allele with a selection coefficient of 0.1 (s = 0.1) . What is the normal fate of this allele in a population of 10,000 individuals? Explain your answer.
Sandwalk readers should try and put this selection coefficient into perspective. It's probably at the high end for new beneficial alleles. What this means is that most adaptive explanations need to postulate a significant benefit to each individual in order to make the probability of fixation come out to some reasonable number.

Exam Question #1
Exam Question #2
Exam Question #3
Exam Question #4
Exam Question #5
Exam Question #6


Exam Question #6

 
This is an easy question. Here are the others: Exam Question #1, Exam Question #2, Exam Question #3, Exam Question #4, Exam Question #5.
To a first approximation, the rate of fixation of neutral alleles in a population is independent of effective population size. Why?


Exam Question #5

 
Did you try and answer Exam Question #1, Exam Question #2, Exam Question #3 or Exam Question #4? Were they too hard? Try this one.
Steven Pinker is an evolutionary psychologist at Harvard. He wrote ...
Are we still evolving? Biologically, probably not much. Evolution has no momentum, so we will not turn into the creepy bloat-heads of science fiction. The modern human condition is not conducive to real evolution either. We infest the whole habitable and not-so-habitable earth, migrate at will, and zigzag from lifestyle to lifestyle. This makes us a nebulous, moving target for natural selection.
What definition of evolution do you think he has in mind? Is he correct?


Exam Question #4

 
Now that you've tried Exam Question #1, Exam Question #2, and Exam Question #3, let's see how you do with this one.
Many evolutionary biologists think that population genetics is the key concept in understanding evolution but biology students often complete several years of courses without ever learning about effective population sizes, mutations rates and the importance of random genetic drift. Why? Is it because population genetics is not a necessary key concept in evolution?


Monday, February 27, 2012

Tyche 26


Tyche Band 26 (2011)
Hrsg. Thomas Corsten | Fritz Mitthof | Bernhard Palme | Hans Taeuber
410 Seiten mit 20 Tafeln
24 x 17 cm
Softcover
EUR 95,--
ISBN: 978-3-902868-07-7
Erscheinungsdatum: Februar 2011


Inhaltsverzeichnis TYCHE 26


•Géza ALFÖLDY, Eine umstrittene Altarinschrift aus Vindobona
•Armin BENAISSA, An Arsinoite Landowner and Clarissimus Magister of a Military Unit
•Lincoln H. BLUMELL, A Second-Century AD Letter of Introduction in the Washington State University Collection
•Francesco CAMIA, Spending on the agones: The financing of festivals in the cities of Roman Greece
•Ulrike EHMIG, Rudolf HAENSCH, Adabei: Prominenz in und aus Epirus
•Denver GRANINGER, ‘In as much land as the Pheraioi rule’: A note on SEG 23, 418
•Ortholf HARL, Polybios bereist um 150 v. Chr. die Cisalpin und besucht die norische Taurisker
•Herbert HEFTNER, Hopliten und Hippeis unter dem Regime der ‚Dreißig Tyrannen’ in Athen
•Katharina KRENN, Cleanders Stellung am Hof des Commodus – zur Deutung des Titels a pugione
•Federico MORELLI, Dal Mar Rosso ad Alessandria: il verso (ma anche il recto) del ‘papiro di Muziris’ (SB XVIII 13167)
•Patrick SÄNGER, Neue Inschriften aus der nördlichen Außenmauer des erheischen Theaters
•Kerstin SÄNGER-BÖHM, Der έπίτροπος χαρτηρᾶς und der procurator rationis chartariae: Zwei Prokuratoren im Dienste der Papyrusversorgung,
•Ekkehard WEBER - Ingrid WEBER-HIDEN, Annona Epigraphica Austriaca 2010


Bemerkungen zu Papyri XXIV - Korr. Tyche
Adnotationes epigraphicae II - Adn. epi.
Buchbesprechungen, Indices, Eingelangte Bücher, Tafeln 1–20

Sunday, February 26, 2012

K.A. Worp, A New Survey of Greek, Coptic, Demotic and Latin Tabulae preserved from Classical Antiquity.

K.A. Worp, A New Survey of Greek, Coptic, Demotic and Latin Tabulae preserved from Classical Antiquity. Version 1.0 February 2012, Leiden / Leuven 2012, 78 pp. ISBN: 978-9-490604-0-59

This freely downloadable publication provides a new survey of inscribed wooden boards from Egypt and the East. Excluded are mummy labels and related texts, various wooden objects carrying inscriptions, carved rather than inked texts, and Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew boards. It has an appendix on wooden tablets from the West (which we are currently integrating into Trismegistos as well). The order is alphabetical according to the modern toponyms of the collections in which the tabulae are preserved.

REVIEW: B. Kelly, Petitions, Litigation, and Social Control in Roman Egypt.

Benjamin Kelly, Petitions, Litigation, and Social Control in Roman Egypt. Oxford Studies in Ancient Documents.   Oxford; New York:  Oxford University Press, 2011.  Pp. xix, 427.  ISBN 9780199599615.  $150.00.   



Reviewed by Georgy Kantor, New College, University of Oxford (georgy.kantor@new.ox.ac.uk)


Interest in the social history of provincial Roman law and in the reasons for which the provincials decided to resolve their disputes through Roman courts has been steadily growing in the last decade. Kelly’s monograph on the social history of litigation and dispute resolution in early imperial Egypt brings the debate back to its origins in juristic papyrology and is a major contribution to the subject. His main achievement, hard to overestimate, has been to produce, for the first time, a study based not on a small and relatively random sample of legal petitions and court minutes, but on the whole body of the published material: 568 petitions, catalogued in Appendix I, and 227 reports of proceedings, catalogued in Appendix III (Appendix II provides a checklist of petitions which did not involve dispute resolution). For all his prudent admission (p. 332) that the ‘aim of the social historian of ancient law should be typological, not cliometric’ Kelly comes incomparably closer to producing genuine (if rough) statistics than any of his predecessors. Kelly’s approach is informed by wide reading in social theory and anthropology, but he is never in thrall of theoretical approaches from outside the discipline and engages with models based on other pre-modern societies independently and fruitfully.


Table of Contents

Acknowledgements
Notes for Readers
Glossary
Maps
1. Introduction
2. Petitions and Social History
3. Legal Control in Roman Egypt
4. Who used the justice system?
5. Political Ideologies in the Legal Realm
6. Hierarchy and Group Solidarity
7. Private Dispute Resolution and the Shadow of the Law
8. Vexatious and Vexing Litigation
9. Conclusion
Appendix I: Petitions Involving Disputes
Appendix II: Petitions without Disputes
Appendix III: Reports of Proceedings
Bibliography
Index

A "Simple" Argument for Intelligent Design Creationism

 
Once again, it's time to remind people of a famous quotation by Isaac Asimov—a biochemist— from his 1981 essay, The “Threat” of Creationism [see Bill Dembski, Isaac Asimov, and The Second Law of Thermodynamics].
Creationists have learned enough scientific terminology to use it in their attempts to disprove evolution. They do this in numerous ways, but the most common example, at least in the mail I receive is the repeated assertion that the second law of thermodynamics demonstrates the evolutionary process to be impossible.

In kindergarten terms, the second law of thermodynamics says that all spontaneous change is in the direction of increasing disorder—that is, in a "downhill" direction. There can be no spontaneous buildup of the complex from the simple, therefore, because that would be moving "uphill." According to the creationists argument, since, by the evolutionary process, complex forms of life evolve from simple forms, that process defies the second law, so creationism must be true.

Such an argument implies that this clearly visible fallacy is somehow invisible to scientists, who must therefore be flying in the face of the second law through sheer perversity. Scientists, however, do know about the second law and they are not blind. It's just that an argument based on kindergarten terms is suitable only for kindergartens. [my emphasis - LAM]
Now, let's look at this video from: Are You Looking for the Simplest and Clearest Argument for Intelligent Design?]. Keep in mind that one definition of a "simple" argument is one that is suitable for kindergarten students (and IDiots).



This video was posted on the leading IDiot blog Evolution News & Views. It tells us a lot about the quality of their science and their commitment to truth.


The Ugliness of the Leaf-Nosed Bat

 
Here's a photo of the head of a leaf-nosed bat. I was posted on Jerry Coyne's blog website today [A new leaf-nosed bat]. Jerry is discussing an article in National Geographic: Strange New Leaf-Nosed Bat Found in Vietnam. You'll probably be curious about the strange appearance of this bat's face. How did that happen?

Well, there are several possibilities that account for the evolution of ugly bats. I wonder what Coyne says ....?
Leaf-nosed bats are found in both the New and Old World, and the New World ones are the most numerous group in the order Chiroptera (bats), which itself is one of the most diverse order of mammals, second only to rodents (40% of mammal species are rodents; 20% are bats). A probably aprocryphal story relates evolutionist J. B. S. Haldane’s answer when asked what one could infer about the Creator from surveying his creation. ”An inordinate fondness for beetles,” Haldane supposedly said. (Of the roughly 1.7 million described species on Earth, 300,000-400,000 are in the order Coleoptera—beetles.) If that question were asked about mammals, one could reply that God showed an inordinate fondness for rodents and bats, and a notable distaste for primates.

The function of the “leaf” isn’t fully known, but it’s suspected to be important in receiving the echolocation signals emitted by bats.

You may find this beast ugly, but that’s speciesism! I find all animals beautiful because they’re products of evolution, embodying all the mechanisms that drive the process. The ugliness, in this case, is probably a byproduct of natural selection.
Why should we assume that the ugliness is a byproduct of natural selection? Lot's of humans are ugly, is that also a byproduct of natural selection? :-)

Seriously, we don't know why these bats have such faces. Why couldn't it just be an accident of evolution? I'm not saying that this is necessarily true. What I AM saying is that it's wrong to just ASSUME, without evidence, that such an appearance is probably due to natural selection. I bet I would get lots of flak if I said that it was probably due to random genetic drift.


American Roman Catholics and "Religious Liberty"

 
There's a major kerfluffle going on in the United States. It's exacerbated by the year-and-a-half long campaign for President.

Most outsiders are puzzled by the complaint of the American Roman Catholic churches so here's a bit of background as I understand it. In most civilized countries, universal health care provides all services to all citizens regardless of their personal beliefs. Thus, everyone can get "free" blood transfusions paid for by your taxes. Jehovah's Witnesses are under no obligation to get a blood transfusion if they prefer to die instead.

Similarly, birth control pills are covered by basic health insurance in most (all?) civilized states, as are abortions under a variety of circumstances. Nobody is forced to use contraceptives and nobody is forced to have an abortion but your taxes support these options, as they should.

Things are different in America because the cost of health insurance has to be paid, in part, by employers. This creates a conflict. Let's consider the hypothetical case of a group of employees working for the Jehovah's Witnesses. The church wants to remove blood transfusions from the coverage because blood transfusions are against their religious beliefs. Apparently, forcing the Jehovah's Witnesses to fund blood transfusions for their atheist, Catholic, and Muslim employees is a violation of religious freedom!

That's a hypothetical case. The real case involves funding contraception and abortion coverage for employees of Roman Catholic churches. Here's a copy of the letter that was read in many Roman Catholic churches last Sunday. This sort of convoluted logic could only make sense in America.

The solution is obvious: universal single-payer health care is the best way to enforce tolerance. You can't count on tolerance from the Roman Catholic Church. (The irony is that a majority Roman Catholic employees would make use of health care coverage that included abortion and contraception, in spite of what the church says.)
Dear Brothers and Sisters in Christ:

I write to you concerning an alarming and serious matter that negatively impacts the Church in the United States directly, and that strikes at the fundamental right to religious liberty for all citizens of any faith. The federal government, which claims to be "of, by, and for the people," has just been dealt a heavy blow to almost a quarter of those people -- the Catholic population -- and to the millions more who are served by the Catholic faithful.

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services announced last week that almost all employers, including Catholic employers, will be forced to offer their employees' health coverage that includes sterilization, abortion-inducing drugs, and contraception. Almost all health insurers will be forced to include those "services" in the health policies they write. And almost all individuals will be forced to buy that coverage as a part of their policies.

In so ruling, the Obama Administration has cast aside the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, denying to Catholics our Nation's first and most fundamental freedom, that of religious liberty. And as a result, unless the rule is overturned, we Catholics will be compelled to either violate our consciences, or to drop health coverage for our employees (and suffer the penalties for doing so). The Obama Administration's sole concession was to give our institutions one year to comply.

We cannot--we will not--comply with this unjust law. People of faith cannot be made second class citizens. We are already joined by our brothers and sisters of all faiths and many others of good will in this important effort to regain our religious freedom. Our parents and grandparents did not come to these shores to help build America's cities and towns, its infrastructure and institutions, its enterprise and culture, only to have their posterity stripped of their God given rights. In generations past, the Church has always been able to count on the faithful to stand up and protect her sacred rights and duties. I hope and trust she can count on this generation of Catholics to do the same. Our children and grandchildren deserve nothing less.

And therefore, I would ask of you two things. First, as a community of faith we must commit ourselves to prayer and fasting that wisdom and justice may prevail, and religious liberty may be restored. Without God, we can do nothing; with God, nothing is impossible. Second, I would also recommend visiting www.usccb.org/conscience, to learn more about this severe assault on religious liberty, and how to contact Congress in support of legislation that would reverse the Obama Administration's decision.

Sincerely yours in Christ,

+Alexander K. Sample
Most Reverend Alexander K. Sample
Bishop of Marquette

[Hat Tip: RichardDawkins.net: Catholics hear anti-Obama letter in church]

Wednesday, February 22, 2012

La Brea Tar Pits

The La Brea tar pits are in the middle of greater Los Angeles on Wilshire Boulevard. The area is now a single large city block that contains the remaining tar pits and the Page Museum.

The tar pits are composed of thick black asphalt and usually there are bubbles of methane forming on the surface. The largest pit was mined for the asphalt in the early 1900's and now it's a dirty-looking lake with methane bubbles.

The Page Museum contains some of the fossils that have been removed from the pits. (You can see an evacuation in progress at Pit 23.) These plants, insects, and animals date from about 40,000 years ago to about 11,000 years ago. The panorama below show the main species: mastodons, juniper trees, saber-toothed cats, camels, Dire wolves, ground sloths, horses, bisons, and a variety of currently extant small animals.


The museum is well worth a visit if you are in the Los Angeles area and you are interested in evolution. Creationists will not like it.



There are millions of fossils and this allows paleontologists to look at variation within a species. There's a nice display of 404 Dire wolf skulls to illustrate the point.



Here's an example of a small tar pit.


Granddaughter Zoë liked the museum but the grassy hills outside the building were an even bigger hit with all the young children. They could climb to the top and roll down to the bottom. Zoë did this several hundred times before we had to get in the car. She was sad to leave the La Brea Tar Pits.



Tuesday, February 21, 2012

S. L. James, S. Dillon edd, A Companion to Women in the Ancient World

A Companion to Women in the Ancient World
Sharon L. James (Editor), Sheila Dillon (Editor)
ISBN: 978-1-4051-9284-2
Hardcover
656 pages
February 2012, Wiley-Blackwell
 Noteworthy for papyrologists:


ch. 2 Kasia Szpakowska, Hidden Voices: Unveiling Women in Ancient Egypt ... 25
ch. 23 Maryline Parca, The Women of Ptolemaic Egypt: The View from Papyrology ...316
ch. 37 Jennifer Sheridan Moss, Women in Late Antique Egypt ... 502



Monday, February 20, 2012

Cirque du Soleil on Santa Monica Beach

 
Yesterday we went to see the Cirque du Soleil's production of Ovo. Here's the description from Wikipedia.
Ovo (Portuguese for "egg"), was created and directed by Brazilian dancer/choreographer Deborah Colker – the first woman to create a Cirque production—that heavily relies on Brazilian music and some dance performances mixed in with the traditional circus arts; premiered in Montreal in 2009 and is currently touring North America. The show looks at the world of insects and its biodiversity where they go about their daily lives until a mysterious egg appears in their midst, as the insects become awestruck about this iconic object that represents the enigma and cycles of their lives.
The show was in a large tent set up by a pier on Santa Monica beach (Los Angeles, United States). It was magic and granddaughter Zoë loved it.







Sunday, February 19, 2012

Disneyland 2012

 
On Friday we visited Disneyland with our granddaughter Zoё. It was fantastic, much better than my previous visit; Disneyland 1967.




Disneyland 1967

 
In May 1967 I decided to drive from Ottawa to California with my friends Paul Young and Brian McManus. We arrived in Los Angeles on a Saturday and spend all day Sunday trying to surf at Malibu. Monday was the day we set aside to visit Disneyland before driving to San Fransisco on Tuesday.

Little did we know that Disneyland was closed on Mondays and Tuesdays. That was a sad day.







Saturday, February 18, 2012

Homer Multitext Project (HMT): Re-editions some Homer Papyri

Below is a version of the Inventory of Texts
I have added links to LDAB and other sources of online information at the home institution of the papyrus wherever possible. I have normalized the papyrological references. The re-editions themselves have an unconventional presentation, and no printable version is yet available.


LDAB 1695 : The Hawara Homer  (fragments of Books 1 and 2) =
 A. H. Syace, in W. M. Fliders Petrie, Hawara, Biahmu and Arsinoe p. 25-28 (descr.)
(Bodl. MS Gr. class. a. 1, photos online at the Center for the Study of Ancient Documents, Oxford ).
Re-edition by:  Amy A. Koenig.


LDAB 1623The Bankes Papyrus =P. Lit. Lond. 28.
The Bankes Papyrus (B.M. Papyrus cxiv), containing Homer, Iliad 24.127–24.804, 
 Re-edition by: C. Dué, C. Blackwell, D. Creasey, K. Elliott, T. Lattimore, B. Stonecipher, 
(a new electronic edition based on digital imagery, with additional semantic markup).

LDAB 2350: Allen West Sutton P609 (Iliad 10.421-10.434, 10.445-10.460)   = A.T. Edwards, ZPE 56 (1984), p. 11-15, P. Mich. inv. 6972.
Re-edition by: Alexander Loney, after the ed.pr. of A.T. Edwards.

LDAB 2376:  Allen-Sutton-West Iliad P12 (fragments of Books 21, 22, 23) = P. Grenf. 2.4, P. Hibeh 1.22, P. Heidelberg 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266
 Re-edition by: Joseph Miller, after the edition of S. West, The Ptolemaic papyri of Homer p. 74-90.

LDAB 2335:Allen-Sutton-West P37. = P.Tebt. I.4
Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck, after the ed.pr. B. P. Grenfell, A. S. Hunt, J. Gilbart Smyly.

LDAB 2374Iliad P 59 (fragment of Book 16) = P. Rylands 1.49. (Not yet online)
Re-edition by: Joseph Miller, ed., after S. West, The Ptolemaic papyri of Homer p. 131.

LDAB 2341Allen Sutton West P53  (fragment of Book 1)  = ed.pr. PSI 15 1454.
 Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck,  after the edition of S. West, The Ptolemaic papyri of Homer p. 32-35.


LDAB 2346Iliad P41 (fragments of Books 3, 4, 5) = P. Grenf. 2 3, P. Hibeh 1 20 = P. Lit. Lond. 10. 
 Re-edition by: Joseph Miller,  after the edition of S. West, The Ptolemaic papyri of Homer p. 64-70.

LDAB 2377Iliad P7 (fragments of Book 8) = P. Grenf. 2 2, P. Hibeh 1  21, P. Heidelberg 1260, P. Heidelberg 1261
Re-edition by: Alexander Loney, after the edition of S. West, The Ptolemaic papyri of Homer p. 74-90.

LDAB 1883Iliad P425 (fragments of Book 10) = BKT 9 57 (Not yet online)
Redition by: Bart Huelsenbeck and Alexander Loney,  after ed.pr. of  H. Maehler; W. Müller; G. Poethke.

LDAB 2209Iliad P46 (fragments of Books 2, 10, 11) =  P. Aphrod. Lit.  no. I
Re-edition by: Alexander Loney, after  the ed.pr. of  J.-L. Fournet.

LDAB 2754Iliad H87 (fragments of Books 16, 17)  = P. Cairo 60565 W.G. Waddell in Mélanges Maspero 2. Orient grec, romain et byzantin p. 145-148 no. 1.
Re-edition by: Alexander Loney, after  the ed.pr. of  W. G. Waddell.

LDAB 2409Iliad H117 (fragment of Book 3) = P. Michaelidae 5 
Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck, after the edition of  S. West, The Ptolemaic papyri of Homer p. 70-71.

LDAB 2366Iliad P5 (fragments of Books 11, 12) = J. Nicole, Rev. Phil. 18 (1894), p. 104-111 no. 6 (Geneva, Bibliothèque P. Gr. 90).
Re-edition by: Joseph Miller and Bart Huelsenbeck,  after  the edition of  S. West, The Ptolemaic papyri of Homer p. 107-117.

LDAB 2373Iliad P8 (fragments of Book 11) P. Petrie 1.3 [4] = P. Lit. Lond. 21. 
Re-edition by: Joseph Miller and Bart Huelsenbeck, after the edition of  S. West,  The Ptolemaic papyri of Homer p. 103-107.

LDAB 1276Iliad P51 (fragment of Book 18) P. Berol. inv. 9774. 
Re-edition by: Joseph Miller and Bart Huelsenbeck,  after  the edition of  S. West,  The Ptolemaic papyri of Homer p. 132-136.

LDAB 2274Iliad Allen Sutton West P177 (fragments of Book 4) = P. Iand. 1 2.
Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck, Andrew Corley, David Creasy, Kylie Elliott, Talley Lattimore, Brett Stonecipher, Blake Williams,  after the edition of E. Schaefer, ed.pr.

LDAB 2289Iliad Allen-Sutton-West P84 (fragments of Book 24) = P. Ryl. 1 51.
Bart Huelsenbeck, Andrew Corley, David Creasy, Kylie Elliott, Talley Lattimore, Brett Stonecipher, Blake Williams,  after the edition of A. S. Hunt, ed.pr.


LDAB 2288Iliad Allen-Sutton-West P132 (fragments of Books 1 and 2) = P.Ryl. 1 44.
Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck, Blake Williams, A. S. Hunt, ed.pr.

LDAB 2333Iliad P 217 (Iliad  12 (M)128-140, 176-191, 249-263, 355-370, 374, 399-412, 446-458.) = P. Lit. Lond. 251 and P. Harris 1 36
Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck, Blake Williams,  after the edition of S. West,  The Ptolemaic Papyri of Homer, pp. 118 ff.

LDAB 2188Iliad P 219  (Fragment of Book 13) P.Bour. 5 = (P.Sorbonne inv. 830—not yet online
Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck, Blake Williams, after A. S. Hunt, Catalogue of the Greek Papyri in the John Rylands Library, pp. 81-2.

LDAB 2031Iliad P 265  (Fragment of Book 1) = P. Reinach inv. 2089
Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck, Blake Williams,  after the edition of P. Collart and A. Bataille "Paprus d'Homere," in Aegyptus 11 (1931), 169-70.

LDAB 2367Iliad P432 (Fragments of Books 11 and 12) = P. 2 Hamburg 153 
Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck, Andrew Corley, David Creasy, Kylie Elliott, Talley Lattimore, Brett Stonecipher, Blake Williams,  after the edition of S. West, The Ptolemaic Papyri of Homer, pp. 91-103.

LDAB 2353Iliad Allen-Sutton-West P266 (Fragment of Book 1) = Sorb. 1. 1.
Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck, Lia Campbell,  after the ed.pr. of H. Cadell.

LDAB 2388Iliad P 269 (P. Tebt. 3.2 898) (Fragment of Book 1)
 Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck, Andrew Corley, David Creasy, Kylie Elliott, Talley Lattimore, Brett Stonecipher, Blake Williams, after the edition of S. West, The Ptolemaic Papyri of Homer, pp. 36-38.

LDAB 1485Iliad P 309 (Fragments of Book 1, Line 1) = W. G. Waddell,  Études de papyrologie, 1. (1932), pp. 16-17.
Re-edition by: Alexander Loney, Andrew Corley, David Creasy, Kylie Elliott, Talley Lattimore, Brett Stonecipher, Blake Williams, after the ed.pr. of Waddell.

LDAB 2381Iliad P 317 (now h59 acc. to LDAB) = N. Lewis, Et. de Pap. 3 (1936), p. 46-48 no. 1
 Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck, Andrew Corley, David Creasy, Kylie Elliott, Talley Lattimore, Brett Stonecipher, Blake Williams,  after the edition of S. West,  The Ptolemaic Papyri of Homer, pp. 73-4.

LDAB 2344Iliad w 14 (Fragments quoting books  Iliad 2.848a; 5.746; 9.230-231; 13.505; 14.349-350;) = P. Hamb. 2 137
Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck, and Blake Williams,  after the edition of S. West, The Ptolemaic Papyri of Homer, pp. 59-62.

LDAB 2384Iliad P 391 (P.Berol. inv. 17054) (Fragment of Book 3) 
Re-edition by: Bart Huelsenbeck, Andrew Corley, David Creasy, Kylie Elliott, Talley Lattimore, Brett Stonecipher, Blake Williams,  after the edition of S. West,  The Ptolemaic Papyri of Homer, pp. 62-63.

LDAB 2349: Allen Sutton West P354 (Fragments of Book 1) P. Ryl. 3 539.
Re-edition by: Alexander Loney, Joseph Miller, Lia Campbell, Blake Williams,  after the edition of West, S., The Ptolemaic Papyri of Homer. 1967: 28-32.
2350

Exam Question #3

 
Now that you've tried Exam Question #1 and Exam Question #2, let's see how you do with this one.
There are hardly any pseudogenes in bacterial genomes. Why haven’t pseudogenes been eliminated from our genome?


Exam Question #2

 
Most of you wouldn't have passed Exam Question #1. Let's see how you do with this one.
Here’s a quotation from an article published by Kathleen McAuliffe in Discover magazine in 2009 [They Don't Make Homo Sapiens Like They Used To].
For decades the consensus view—among the public as well as the world’s preeminent biologists—has been that human evolution is over. Since modern Homo sapiens emerged 50,000 years ago, “natural selection has almost become irrelevant” to us, the influential Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould proclaimed. “There have been no biological changes. Everything we’ve called culture and civilization we’ve built with the same body and brain.” This view has become so entrenched that it is practically doctrine.
Is it true that the consensus view among “the world’s preeminent biologists” is that human evolution has stopped? Do you agree with this “doctrine?”


Thursday, February 16, 2012

My Moderation Policy

 
Barry Arrington1 at Uncommon Descent has banned many defenders of evolution. This is not the first time that this has happened but for the first time the moderator at Uncommon Descent tries to offer a defense of the policy ... [Why is Barry Arrington Stifling Dissent at UD?].
If you visit some of our more vociferous opponents’ websites that is the question being asked. The answer, of course, is that I am not stifling rational argument on this site. In fact, just the opposite is true; my purpose has been to weed out those who refuse to engage in rational argument so that rational argument can be pursued by those who remain.
My moderation policy is very different. I allow comments from creationists in spite of the fact that they are incapable of engaging in rational argument.

Creationists, by definition, are incapable of being rational in this debate. Isn't it ironic that they set themselves up as the arbitrators of rational argument?

There's a good reason why we refer to this controversy as a contest between rationalism and superstition.


1. Barry Arrington is a lawyer from Colorado

We're Not in Toronto Anymore

 
These are views from the back and front yards of my daughter's house in Los Angeles. It definitely gives us the feeling that we're not in Toronto (or Kansas) anymore.




Bulletin of Online Emendations to Papyri

Version 1.1 (February 6, 2012) 
Rodney Ast and James Cowey (eds.) 
Institut für Papyrologie, Universität Heidelberg 
Marstallstrasse 6, D-69117 Heidelberg 



Wednesday, February 15, 2012

REVIEW: Ian Storey, Fragments of Old Comedy, Volumes i-iii (Loeb)

Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2012.02.26


Ian C. Storey (trans.), Fragments of Old Comedy, Volume I: Alcaeus to Diocles. Loeb classical library, 513. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2011. Pp. xlvi, 449. ISBN 9780674996625. $24.00.


Ian C. Storey (trans.), Fragments of Old Comedy, Volume II: Diopeithes to Pherecrates. Loeb classical library, 514. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2011. Pp. xi, 520. ISBN 9780674996632. $24.00.


Ian C. Storey (trans.), Fragments of Old Comedy, Volume III: Philonicus to Xenophon; adespota. Loeb classical library, 515. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2011. Pp. xi, 464. ISBN 9780674996779. $24.00.


Reviewed by Athina Papachrysostomou, University of Patras (athinapap@upatras.gr)


An edition of Old Comedy’s fragmentary material accompanied by an English translation has long been a desideratum for classicists in general and in particular for those among us who have a special interest in fragments. Kassel's and Austin’s key edition of Poetae Comici Graeci marked a crucial step towards a better and fuller understanding of fragmentarily surviving Greek Comedy; Storey’s three-volume edition marks another.


....
Particularly praiseworthy is Storey’s effective handling of comic material surviving on papyri; I am specifically thinking of the way he handles the cases of Cratinus Πλοῦτοι fr. 171, Eupolis Δῆμοι frr. 99-101, Μαρικᾶς fr. 192, Προσπάλτιοι fr. 259, etc., where he achieves a sensible rendering of these badly mutilated papyri scraps. Laudable is also his attempt to assign most of Eupolis’ unassigned fragments (II.236-265)

REVIEW: Rodolfo Funari (ed.), Corpus dei papiri storici greci e latini. Parte B: storici latini. 1. Autori noti. Vol. 1: Titus Livius.


Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2012.02.27


Rodolfo Funari (ed.), Corpus dei papiri storici greci e latini. Parte B: storici latini. 1. Autori noti. Vol. 1: Titus Livius.   Pisa; Roma:  Fabrizio Serra editore, 2011.  Pp. 277.  ISBN 9788862273480.  €185.00 (pb).   



Reviewed by Jacqueline Austin, London (jacqueline@netaxis.co.uk)

This projected series, the ‘Corpus dei Papiri Storici Greci e Latini’ (CPS), is chiefly the brainchild of renowned papyrologist Mario Capasso at the University of Salento. Its aim, as he expressed the case for it in a paper published in 1997 and which I paraphrase, is ‘to give life to the collection of fragments of Greek and Latin historical writing preserved upon papyrus, and also of [later] testimonies relating to the same.’ Today, a team of scholars, papyrologists, historians of the ancient world and specialists in Greek and Latin literature, both Italian and of other nationalities, are working to realise CPS under the direction of an editorial committee led by Emilio Gabba. ‘We are perfectly aware’, writes Capasso, ‘that our project is extremely difficult and that its realisation will demand a very long time.’ His initiative is obviously to be welcomed for highlighting, as it does here, those sadly fragmentary, Greek and Roman historical texts which frequently languish unused in our libraries. Yet I cannot help but feel that, at least for this particular publication of Livy fragments, the brief is too wide. The finished volume tries to serve the needs of such a diverse range of scholars that it will probably finish by pleasing, in entirety, very few.

Etc. at BMCR


Publisher's info: at LIBRAWEB




1Corpus dei papiri storici greci e latini. Parte B. Storici latini. 1. Autori noti. Titus Livius, a cura di Rodolfo Funari, 2011, pp. 284 con IX tavole in bicromia n.t. 

CORPUS DEI PAPIRI STORICI GRECI E LATINI Cm. 17,5 x 25 

Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma

Molti anni dopo le prime pubblicazioni, per questa nuova edizione dei papiri di Tito Livio l'Autore ha compiuto un esame autoptico completo sia dei frammenti di un'Epitoma liviana scoperti su un rotolo di papiro rinvenuto a Oxyrhynchus (dei quali ampi resti sono conservati nella British Library in London, mentre una sottile striscia da una colonna si trova nell'Egyptian Museum al Cairo), sia del frammento dal libro I degli Annales, anche questo proveniente da un rotolo di papiro rinvenuto a Oxyrhynchus, che si conserva nella Bodleian Library di Oxford. Per quanto riguarda invece un nuovo frammento di pergamena, a buon diritto attribuito allo stesso Livio, scoperto assai più di recente presso Naqlun e ora conservato nel Coptic Museum al Cairo, il volume si basa, oltre che sull'ispezione delle fotografie, sulla meticolosa e puntualissima analisi che ne è stata offerta nella prima edizione. L'autore ha integrato direttamente nel testo edito soprattutto quelle lezioni di cui si sia conservata almeno qualche traccia e che si possano perciò ritenere un po' più sicure. Altre integrazioni, e specialmente molte delle congetture, sono riportate negli apparati critici. Tale scelta è dettata dall'esigenza di riproporre fedelmente le genuine vestigia dei papiri. La traduzione aggiunge talvolta alcune parole o frasi, desunte da interpretazioni e integrazioni, specialmente dove l'originale è lacunoso. Le questioni linguistiche e storiche, filologiche e papirologiche sono affrontate nell'ampio commento.

Sommario: PremessaAbbreviazioni bibliografiche. Titi Livi codices; editiones, adnotationes antiquioresPeriocharum codices; editiones, adnotationes antiquioresAuctores GraeciAuctores Latini.GrammaticiAbbreviazioni usate negli apparatiSigle usate negli apparatiAltre abbreviazioniAvvertente. Papiri e ricezione di Livio nell'Egitto romano. POxy IV 68 + PSI XII 1291; POxy XI 1379; PNaqlun inv. 15/86. Tavola di concordanza per POxy IV 668. Tavole.

Composto in carattere Dante Monotype.
Legatura in brossura pesante con copertina in cartone in tondo Magnani blu con impressioni in oro o legatura in tela. Sovraccoperta in cartoncino Vergatone Magnani avorio con stampa a due colori.

Brossura / Paperback: Euro 185.00   

Rilegato / Hardback: Euro 370.00 
    

E-Book: Euro 185.00  

ISBN: 978-88-6227-348-0
ISBN Rilegato: 978-88-6227-347-3
E-ISBN: 978-88-6227-341-1
ISSN: 1970-142X
SKU: 2562

Tuesday, February 14, 2012

Exam Question #1

It's that time of year again. My students have a mid-tern test on Feb. 28th so I giving out a list of questions that will be on the exam. Here's one.
Here are two different trees depicting the evolutionary relationship of various classes of animals. Which one is better? Why?


The question is based on the following assigned paper:

Meisel, R.P. (2010) Teaching Tree-Thinking to Undergraduate Biology Students. Evo. Edu. Outreach 3:621-628. [doi: 10.1007/s12052-010-0254-9]


[Image Credit: The tree on the left is from Campbell Biology Chapter 32 Activities Quiz (2002)]

The Cost of Introns

Michael Lynch estimates that the cost of adding an intron to an intronless gene is equivalent to adding about 31 bp of essential target (Lynch, 2010). This is roughly the number of base pairs in an average intron that have to be preserved in order for the intron to be properly spliced. Adding an intron increases the chances that a gene will be inactivated by mutation.

In spite of this deleterious cost, introns have spread in certain genomes; notably, in mammals and flowering plants. How do we explain the spread of introns? Is it consistent with the null hypothesis of random genetic drift?

According to Lynch the answer could be, yes. Here's what he says in his book The origins of genome architecture.
For newly arisen introns having no functional significance for the products of their host genes, the primary force opposing their ability to spread throughout a population is their excess mutation rate to defective allele(s), and because this force is expected to be quite weak, selection will be ineffective in preventing intron colonization in populations experiencing substantial levels of random genetic drift.
The selection coefficient for intron deletion has to be above a certain threshold in order to prevent introns from spreading. This threshold depends on the population size: in large populations the deleterious effect of introns is sufficient to ensure that they will be kept to a minimum, or eliminated entirely.

For species with small populations there will be a cutoff where the selection coefficient cannot overcome the effect of random genetic drift and intron insertion is effectively neutral.

Lynch calculates the cost of the extra target nucleotides as a function of the mutation rate (μ) and explains why the cutoff is 2Ngμ = 0.04 (Ng is the effective number of genes ~ 2Ne). You can estimate 2Ngμ by counting the nucleotide diversity at silent sites in protein-encoding genes (πs). Thus, a plot of number of introns vs πs [2Ngμ] is a test of the hypothesis.

Here's the figure from Lynch's book.


The data indicates that species with small values of πs the spread of introns cannot be prevented even though introns may be deleterious. The cutoff is about 0.04 as predicted.

This does not prove that intron proliferation in some species is due to random genetic drift but it does show that the hypothesis cannot be ruled out. There's no need to invoke adaptive explanations for the initial spread of introns in vertebrate and plants genomes.


Lynch, M. (2010) Rate, molecular spectrrum, and consequences of human mutation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107:961-968. [doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912629107]